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Table 6 Association between foods rich in folate with p16 methylation status and the risk of EPL and ESCC

From: Moderately high folate level may offset the effects of aberrant DNA methylation of P16 and P53 genes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and precancerous lesions

Food intake frequency EPL [OR (95% CI)a, p for interaction] ESCC [OR (95% CI)a, p for interaction]
p16U p value p16M p value p16U p value p16M p value
Spinach
 Never 1.00 (reference) - 0.80 (0.16–4.12) 0.790 1.00 (reference) - 2.80 (0.78–10.02) 0.113
 Less than once per week 1.20 (0.41–3.53) 0.740 1.52 (0.50–4.63) 0.459 0.34 (0.13–0.93) 0.035 0.76 (0.28–2.07) 0.592
 Once per week or more 0.84 (0.29–2.41) 0.749 1.23 (0.41–3.64) 0.714 0.29 (0.11–0.75) 0.011 1.02 (0.39–2.63) 0.974
Chinese cabbage
 Never 1.00 (reference) - 1.45 (0.92–2.29) 0.110 1.00 (reference) - 3.27 (2.01–5.30) < 0.001
 Less than once per week 0.78 (0.25–2.42) 0.240 0.91 (0.22–3.77) 0.901 2.62 (0.96–7.19) 0.062 5.42 (1.68–17.51) 0.005
 Once per week or more 0.22 (0.10–0.47) <0.001 0.43 (0.17–1.10) 0.077 0.48 (0.23–1.03) 0.059 1.44 (0.64–3.28) 0.379
Livers
 Never 1.00 (reference) - 1.58 (1.03–2.43) 0.038 1.00 (reference) - 3.12 (1.99–4.87) < 0.001
 Less than once per week 0.36 (0.15–0.83) 0.017 0.71 (0.12–4.34) 0.710 0.82 (0.38–1.76) 0.609 6.01 (1.61–22.41) 0.008
 Once per week or more 1.06 (0.30–3.79) 0.924 0.27 (0.03–2.42) 0.240 0.33 (0.04–2.87) 0.314 0.41 (0.05–3.75) 0.430
Beans
 Never 1.00 (reference) - 0.76 (0.38–1.53) 0.445 1.00 (reference) - 2.58 (1.26–5.32) 0.010
 Less than once per week 1.14 (0.80–2.24) 0.712 1.99 (0.80–4.95) 0.137 1.22 (0.55–2.69) 0.626 3.79 (1.45–9.87) 0.006
 Once per week or more 0.47 (0.24–0.93) 0.029 1.25 (0.59–2.63) 0.566 0.83 (0.39–1.75) 0.619 3.59 (1.65–7.82) 0.001
  1. U unmethylated, M methylated
  2. aAdjusted for gender, age, tobacco smoking, and alcohol drinking
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